| Zugriffsnummer | 29696 |
| Dokumenttyp | Zeitschriftenartikel |
| Sprache | Englisch |
| Titel | Otoacoustic emissions stimulated by bone conduction - a review |
| Übersetzungstitel | Otoakustische Emissionen stimuliert über Knochenleitung - eine Übersicht |
| Autor(in); Institution |
Zebian, Makram; 1.6, Schall, PTB-Braunschweig
Kandzia, Florian; PATH medical GmbH, Germering, GERMANY
Janssen, Thomas; TU München, Hals-Nasen-Ohrenklinik, München, GERMANY
Hensel, Hensel; 1.6, Schall, PTB-Braunschweig
Fedtke, Thomas; 1.6, Schall, PTB-Braunschweig
|
| Quelle/Jahr | Zeitschrift für Audiologie: 52 (2013), 3, 96 - 106 |
| ISSN | 1435-4691 |
| Verlag | Heidelberg: Median-Verl. |
| Klassifikationscode | PACS: 43.64.-q ; PACS: 43.64.Jb ; PACS: 43.58.Vb |
| Freie Schlagworte | otoacoustic emissions ; air conduction ; bone conduction ; calibration ; Otoakustische Emissionen ; Luftleitung ; Knochenleitung ; Kalibrierung |
| Zusammenfassung | Otoacoustic emissions (OAEs) are commonly evoked by air conduction (AC) through one or more miniature loudspeakers embedded in an OAE probe. To date, only a few studies have dealt with the bone-conduction (BC) stimulation of OAEs. The aim of this review is to give a summary on the main literature concerning this topic and to outline the advantages as well as the limitations of this alternative stimulation of OAEs. Generally, both distortion product otoacoustic emissions (DPOAEs) and transient evoked otoacoustic emissions (TE OAEs) can be stimulated by BC, showing properties similar to AC-OAEs. One practical advantage of BC is that miniaturized microphone probes (without the need of the probe loudspeakers) can be constructed, which is beneficial for small ear canals, e.g., in newborns. Since the BC stimulus reaches both cochleae simultaneously, binaural BC-OAE measurements are also possible. Clinically, BC-OAEs are expected to be less sensitive than AC-OAEs to conductive hearing loss, since the BC stimulus reaches the cochlea unimpeded by a possible middle-ear disorder and only the reverse OAE transmission is affected by the latter. Hence, the presence of BC-OAEs amid a lack of AC-OAEs signalizes a middle-ear dysfunction. Concerning the calibration of the stimuli, BC provides some advantages over AC, especially for DPOAEs. BC stimulation avoids errors caused (i) by ear-canal standing waves, since the BC stimuli bypass the ear canal, and (ii) by evanescent waves, since the bone vibrators (e.g., on the forehead or behind the ear) are spatially separated from the probe microphone (in the ear). In the case of DPOAEs, a concurrent AC/BC stimulation can also be achieved by presenting one tone via AC and the other via BC. When using this combined stimulation, one may benefit from swapping the acoustic signal paths and repeating the DPOAEs measurement in the same in-situ position of the probe to validate the stimulus calibration at the cochlea. Whereas further investigations are required to establish BC-OAEs as a standardized objective tool in the clinical diagnosis, BC stimulation already provides an alternative approach, with the stimuli taking a direct path towards the cochlea. Hence, it may be employed complementarily to AC stimulation, opening up various possibilities from the verification of ear-canal probe calibration to the potential differential diagnosis of conductive hearing disorders by means of OAEs. |
